丹下健三 I 日本现代建筑第一人
Created
Mar 31, 2023 10:12 AM
专栏
建筑大师
人物
内容标签
国家
事务所
丹下健三 I Kenzo Tange
日本建筑师
1987年普利兹克建筑奖得主。
丹下健三是国际建筑界公认的“世界建筑大师”之一。近半个世纪来，他设计的近二百个作品和方案遍及十多个国家；发表过大量的专著；荣获了日本文化勋章，三十多次国际金奖和大奖，六个国家和地区的七个博士和名誉博士学位，十二个国家的城市、艺术或建筑协会的二十三个名誉称号，正值当前信息技术引起建筑思想上的第二次革命时，是他提出了“城市轴”、“索状交通系统”、“能够交流的立体建筑”等等新概念，给城市规划、建筑设计带来新的活力，引起国际同行的广泛重视。
代表作品 I Representative Works
广岛和平纪念公园（1952年）
Hiroshima Peace Center
香川县厅舍（1958年）
Kagawa Prefectural Government Office
代代木体育馆（1964）
National Olympic Gymnasium
圣玛利亚大圣堂（1964年）
St. Mary Cathedral
山梨会馆（1966）
Yamanashi Press and Broadcasting Center
东京都新市政大厦（1991）
The New Tokyo City Hall
建筑师生涯 I Career
1913年9月，丹下健三出生于日本大阪。
1935年，考取东京大学建筑系。毕业后到日本著名的建筑师前川国男的事务所工作，在这里，他的作品在全国的设计竞赛中获一等奖，并且开始了对城市规划方面的研究。
1946年，丹下健三回到东大建筑系当助教，同时成立了“丹下研究室”，这是个充满生机和创造力的研究室。在此之后的十五、十六年时间里他设计了广岛和平纪念公园和原子弹爆炸纪念馆、东京都厅舍、香川县厅舍等一批优秀的建筑，还不断到欧洲和美洲参加学术会议、讲学。
第一阶段
为战后50年代，丹下在继承民族传统的基础上，提出“功能典型化”的概念，赋予建筑比较理性的形式，开拓了日本现代建筑的新境界。代表作品有：广岛和平纪念资料馆、广岛和平纪念公园（1955年）、旧东京都厅舍（1952-1957）、日本香川县厅舍（1955-1958）、仓敷县厅舍（1958-1960）等。
第二阶段
为60年代，是丹下和他的研究所成果辉煌的时期。在1960年的东京规划中，提出了“都市轴”的理论，对以后城市设计有很大影响。在大跨度建筑方面作了新的探索，最著名的是东京代代木国立综合体育馆（1961-1964）。在运用象征性手法和新的民族风格方面也进行了成功的探索，如山梨文化会馆（1966）、东京罗马天主教圣玛丽大教堂（1964年）、静冈新闻广播东京支社（1966）等。
第三阶段
为1970年以后，丹下健三及其研究所在北非和中东做了不少建筑设计，如约旦哈西姆皇宫工程、尼日利亚首都阿布贾城市规划（1976年）、阿尔及尔国际机场等。这一时期，丹下健三还对镜面玻璃幕墙进行了探索，重要作品有东京都新市政厅、东京草月会馆新馆。以及大阪万博场址、基础设施规划、御祭广场（1970年）、广岛国际会议场（1989年）、新东京都厅舍（1991年）、新宿公园塔（1994年）、富士电视台总部大楼（1996年）、东京'Dome' Hotel（“穹隆”大酒店）（2000年）等。
2005年3月22日，丹下健三因心脏衰竭在东京的家中离世，终年91岁。
建筑理念 I Concept
丹下健三曾说过：“建筑必须拥有吸引人心的东西，但即使这样，基本的形式，空间和外观也必须符合逻辑。在我们的时代，创造性作品的表达是技术和人性的结合。传统扮演着一个催化剂的角色，能促进化学反应，但在最终结果中却不被察觉。可以肯定的是，传统参与创作，但却不再是创造性本身。”
他以独特的方式融合传统与现代主义，处理现代建筑的手法，包括正视传统予以征服，同时也批判现代机能主义。正如国立代代木竞技场和东京圣玛丽大教堂所表现的一样，但丹下健三也深受日本历史和文化的启发， 他认为对机能的考量已经过度了。而丹下健三对于机能的矫正之道，便是发挥创意。
主要作品IMajor Works
广岛和平纪念公园（1952年）
Hiroshima Peace Center
香川县厅舍（1958年）
Kagawa Prefectural Government Office
仓敷市厅舍（1962年）
Kurashiki Prefectural Government Office
代代木国立综合体育馆（1964年）
Yoyogi National Gymnasium
东京圣玛利亚大教堂（1964年）
St. Mary Cathedral
东京罗马天主教圣玛丽大教堂（1964年）
Tokyo Roman Catholic Church, St. Mary's Cathedral
山梨文化会馆（1966）
Yamanashi Press Center
静冈新闻广播东京支社（1966）
Shizuoka News Broadcasting Tokyo Branch
广岛国际会议场（1989年）
Hiroshima International Conference Hall
东京都新市政大厦（1991年）
The New Tokyo City Hall
新宿公园塔（1994年）
Shinjuku Park Tower
富士电视台总部大楼（1996年）
Fuji TV Building
东京“穹隆”大酒店（2000年）
Dome Hotel
A R C H I T E C T
Kenzo Tange
Kenzo Tange (1913-2005), winner of the 1987 Pritzker Architecture Prize, is one of Japan’s most honored architects. Teacher, writer, architect, and urban planner, he is revered not only for his own work but also for his influence on younger architects. He was born in the small city of Imabari, Shikoku Island, Japan in 1913. Although becoming an architect was beyond his wildest dreams as a boy, it was Le Corbusier’s work that stirred his imagination so that in 1935, he became a student in the Architecture Department of Tokyo University. In 1946, he became an assistant professor at Tokyo University, and organized the Tange Laboratory. His students included Fumihiko Maki, Koji Kamiya, Arata Isozaki, Kisho Kurokawa, and Taneo Oki.
Tange was in charge of the reconstruction of Hiroshima after World War II. The Hiroshima Peace Center and Park begun in 1946 made the city symbolic of the human longing for peace. Architecturally, the Peace Center shows a deep understanding of traditional culture while at the same time is a signpost in the search for a modern style in Japan.
Tange research and interest in urban planning extended throughout his career. His doctorate, completed in 1959, was titled, "Spatial Structure in a Large City," an interpretation of urban structure on the basis of people's movements commuting to and from work. His "Plan for Tokyo 1960" was the Tange Team's logical response to these problems, giving thought to the nature of the urban structure that would permit growth and change. His Tokyo Plan received enormous attention world-wide, for its new concepts of extending the growth of the city out over the bay, using bridges, man made islands, floating parking and mega structures. Other urban design and planning projects were begun in 1967 for the Fiera District of Bologna, Italy, and for a new town with residences for 60,000 in Catania, Italy.
For his Tokyo Cathedral of Saint Mary, he visited several medieval Gothic examples. "After experiencing their heaven-aspiring grandeur and ineffably mystical spaces," he says, "I began to imagine new spaces, and wanted to create them by means of modern technology."
Yamanishi Broadcasting and Press Center (1966) in Kofu, Japan uses many of Tange's new theories—cylinders house staircases, elevators, air conditioning and electrical equipment systems. The horizontal spaces connecting them are likened to the buildings along a street. Some plots are vacant and others are occupied. An important aspect was the expansion potential of the complex. Open spaces between floors, which now serve as terraces and roof gardens, could be enclosed when needed.
In the year in which he won the Pritzker Prize, Tange revealed his plans for the new Tokyo City Hall Complex. Since built, the complex comprises an assembly hall, a civic plaza, a park, and two tower buildings. The Akasaka Prince Hotel (1982) in Tokyo has become an important landmark. Others include the Sogetsu Center (1957), the Hanae Mori Building (1979), the Hyogo Prefecture Museum of History (1982), the Ehime Prefecture Culture Center (1985), the Toin School (1986) in Yokohama,—and new projects that are still in the design stage, such as the Yokohama Museum of Art, and the Tokyo Headquarters of the United Nations University.
Tange's only completed project in the United States, to date, is his expansion of the Minneapolis Art Museum, originally designed in 1911 by McKim Mead & White in the neoclassic style. Completed in 1975, the expansion, almost doubling the size of the original 120,000 square foot structure, was accomplished with large symmetrical wings. Other works outside of Japan include major buildings in Singapore: the Overseas Union Bank, the GB Building, the Telecommunications Centre, and the Nanyang Technological Institute.
In all of his projects, there is a recurrent theme that Tange has verbalized, "Architecture must have something that appeals to the human heart, but even then, basic forms, spaces and appearances must be logical. Creative work is expressed in our time as a union of technology and humanity. The role of tradition is that of a catalyst, which furthers a chemical reaction, but is no longer detectable in the end result. Tradition can, to be sure, participate in a creation, but it can no longer be creative itself."
In addition to his architectural practice, Kenzo Tange has been a guest professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, as well as a lecturer at Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Washington University, Illinois Institute of Technology, the University of California at Berkeley, and the Universities of Alabama and Toronto.
参考文献
Kenzo Tange | The Pritzker Architecture Prize (pritzkerprize.com)
丹下健三_百度百科 (baidu.com)
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